Caracterización clínico-espirométrica de pacientes asmáticos con síntomas nocturnos / Clinical-spirometric characterization of asthmatic patients with nocturnal symptoms

Introducción: Los síntomas nocturnos son frecuentes en asmáticos y pueden relacionarse con la gravedad, el grado de control del asma y la función pulmonar. Objetivos: Determinar las características demográficas, clínicas y espirométricas de pacientes asmáticos con síntomas nocturnos, que acuden a consulta externa de neumología. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 50 pacientes asmáticos con síntomas nocturnos, atendidos por consulta externa en el Hospital Neumológico Benéfico Jurídico, en el período comprendido de mayo de 2017 a mayo de 2018. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino (74,0 por ciento), la edad entre 40 y 59 años (52,0 por ciento), los antecedentes familiares de asma o alergia (60,0 por ciento) y múltiples comorbilidades asociadas (78,0 por ciento). La hipersomnia diurna estuvo presente en 80,0 por ciento de los casos, con una frecuencia significativamente elevada en pacientes con asma persistente moderada y severa, disminución de la reversibilidad aguda al broncodilatador, mal control de la enfermedad y limitación de la actividad física. Conclusiones: Los síntomas nocturnos en los pacientes asmáticos son frecuentes y se relacionan con la hipersomnia diurna, la gravedad del asma, el grado de control, la respuesta al broncodilatador y limitación de la actividad física(AU)

Introduction: Nighttime symptoms are frequent in asthmatics and can be related to severity, degree of asthma control and lung function. Objectives: To determine the demographic, clinical and spirometric characteristics of asthmatic patients with nocturnal symptoms, who go to an outpatient pulmonology clinic. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 50 asthmatic patients with nocturnal symptoms, they were assisted in the outpatient consultation at the Hospital Neumológico Benéfico Jurídico, from May 2017 to May 2018. Results: Female sex (74.0 percent), age ranging 40 and 59 years (52.0 percent), family history of asthma or allergy (60.0 percent) and multiple associated comorbidities (78.0 percent) predominated. Daytime hypersomnia was present in 80.0 percent of cases, with significantly elevated frequency in patients with moderate and severe persistent asthma, decreased acute reversibility to the bronchodilator, poor disease control, and limited physical activity. Conclusions: Nocturnal symptoms in asthmatic patients are frequent and are related to daytime hypersomnia, asthma severity, degree of control, response to the bronchodilator and limitation of physical activity(AU)

Evaluación del riesgo de síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y somnolencia diurna utilizando el cuestionario de Berlín y las escalas Sleep Apnea Clinical Score y Epworth en pacientes con ronquido habitual atendidos en la consulta ambulatoria / Risk assessment for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and daytime sleepiness using Berlin questionnaire, and SACS and Epworth scales in outpatients with snoring attending consultation

Resumen Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de riesgo del Síndrome de Apnea Obstructiva del Sueño (SAOS) en pacientes atendidos en el consultorio externo de neumología de un hospital de referencia en Lima a través de los Cuestionarios de Berlín, Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) y la escala de Epworth. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes atendidos en los consultorios externos de neumología reclutando durante el período de enero a marzo de 2014 en forma prospectiva a aquellos pacientes que referían presentar ronquido habitual. Se determinó la frecuencia de riesgo de SAOS de acuerdo a cada una de las escalas evaluadas y sus factores asociados. Resultados: Se estudiaron 230 sujetos, 56,5% eran varones y el 43,5% mujeres, con una edad media de 50 ± 12 años. El 61,8%, 66,9% y 62,6% tenían riesgo moderado o alto para SAOS de acuerdo a las escalas de Epworth, SACS y Berlin respectivamente. El perímetro de cuello, circunferencia abdominal e índice de masa corporal fueron las características asociadas de manera más consistente con el riesgo de SAOS. La correlación entre las escalas de SACS y Berlin fue de 0,55, entre las escalas SACS y Epworth de 0,22 y entre Berlín y Epworth de 0,35 (p < 0,001 para todas las comparaciones). Conclusiones: El riesgo de SAOS y somnolencia diurna es elevado en pacientes roncadores atendidos en la consulta externa de neumología. Las escalas evaluadas presentan una correlación menor que lo esperada. Se requieren estudios a mayor escala y en población general que comparen el valor diagnóstico y pronóstico de estas escalas utilizando la polisomnografía como estándar de referencia.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of risk for the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA) through clinical predictors: Berlin Questionnaire, Sleep Apnea Clinical Score (SACS) and the degree of daytime sleepiness measured by Epworth scale. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who reported snoring seen by pulmonology in the outpatient clinic between January and March 2014. Frequency of OSA was calculated according to the three clinical prediction rules. We also determine the characteristic associated with a high risk of OSA according to each prediction rule. Results: We recruited 230 participants, 56.5% were male, with a mean age of 50 ± 12 years. The risk of moderate or high risk for OSA was 61.8%, 66.9% and 62.6% according to Epworth somnolence scale, SACS and Berlin questionnaire, respectively. Neck circumference, abdominal circumference and body mass index were the characteristics more consistently associated with OSA risk. Correlation between SACS and Berlin prediction rules was 0.55, between SACS and Epworth scale was 0.22 and between Berlin and Epworth scale was 0.35 (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Conclusions: There is a high risk for OSA among snoring patients attending respiratory outpatient clinic. The correlation between prediction rules evaluated was lower than expected. Larger studies in general populations using polysomnography as a reference standard are needed to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic value of OSA prediction rules.

Effects of an alternating work shift on air traffic controllers and the relationship with excessive daytime sleepiness and stress / Efeitos do turno de trabalho alternado em controladores de tráfego aéreo e relação com sonolência diurna excessiva e estresse

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate symptoms of stress and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in air traffic control (ATC) officers in Brazil. Methods: Fifty-two ATC officers participated, based at three air traffic control units, identified as A, B and C. Stress symptoms were assessed using the Lipp Inventory of Stress Symptoms for Adults, and EDS by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results: The sample mean age was 37 years, 76.9% of whom were male. Excessive daytime sleepiness was identified in 25% of the ATC officers, with 84.6% of these based at air traffic control unit A, which has greater air traffic flow, operating a 24-hour alternating work shift schedule. A total of 16% of the ATC officers had stress symptoms, and of these, 62% showed a predominance of physical symptoms. Conclusion: The high percentage of ATC officers with EDS identified in group A may be related to chronodisruption due to night work and alternating shifts.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar sintomas de estresse e sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) em controladores de tráfego aéreo (CTA) do Brasil. Métodos: Participaram 52 controladores pertencentes a 3 órgãos de controle de tráfego aéreo, denominados de A, B e C. Os sintomas de estresse, foram avaliados pelo Inventário de Sintomas de Estresse para Adultos, a SDE pela Escala de Sonolência Epworth. Resultados: 76,9% da amostra são do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 37 anos. SDE foi identificada em 25% dos controladores, desses 84,6%, pertencem aos órgãos de controle de tráfego aéreo A, caracterizado por maior movimento de aeronaves, funcionamento 24 horas e escala de serviço em turnos alternantes. Um total de 16% dos controladores apresentam sintomas de estresse, desses, 62% mostraram o predomínio de sintomas físicos. Conclusão: A porcentagem elevada de CTA com SDE identificada no grupo A pode estar relacionada a cronodisrupção devido ao trabalho noturno e alternado.

Factors influencing excessive daytime sleepiness in adolescents / Fatores que influenciam na sonolência excessiva diurna em adolescentes

Abstract Objective: Sleep deprivation in adolescents has lately become a health issue that tends to increase with higher stress prevalence, extenuating routines, and new technological devices that impair adolescents' bedtime. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the excessive sleepiness frequency and the factors that might be associated to it in this population. Methods: The cross-sectional study analyzed 531 adolescents aged 10–18 years old from two private schools and one public school. Five questionnaires were applied: the Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire; the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children; the Brazilian Economic Classification Criteria; the General Health and Sexual Maturation Questionnaire; and the Physical Activity Questionnaire. The statistical analyses were based on comparisons between schools and sleepiness and non-sleepiness groups, using linear correlation and logistic regression. Results: Sleep deprivation was present in 39% of the adolescents; sleep deficit was higher in private school adolescents (p < 0.001), and there was a positive correlation between age and sleep deficit (p < 0.001; r = 0.337). Logistic regression showed that older age (p = 0.002; PR: 1.21 [CI: 1.07–1.36]) and higher score level for sleep hyperhidrosis in the sleep disturbance scale (p = 0.02; PR: 1.16 [CI: 1.02–1.32]) were risk factors for worse degree of sleepiness. Conclusions: Sleep deficit appears to be a reality among adolescents; the results suggest a higher prevalence in students from private schools. Sleep deprivation is associated with older age in adolescents and possible presence of sleep disorders, such as sleep hyperhidrosis.

Resumo Objetivo: A privação de sono na adolescência é um importante problema de saúde na atualidade e só tende a se agravar com o aumento do estresse, da rotina extenuante e do advento de novos aparelhos tecnológicos que parecem refletir negativamente no início do sono em adolescentes. O estudo objetiva avaliar a frequência da sonolência excessiva e quais fatores podem estar associados a ela nessa população. Métodos: O estudo transversal avaliou 531 adolescentes de 10 a 18 anos em duas escolas de ensino privado e uma de ensino público e aplicou para cada adolescente cinco questionários: Cleveland Adolescent Sleepiness Questionnaire; Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children; Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil; Questionário Geral de Saúde e Maturação Sexual; Questionário de Atividade Física. Fizeram-se comparações entre as escolas e entre grupos com e sem sonolência por meio de correlação linear e regressão logística. Resultados: Observou-se privação de sono em 39% dos adolescentes, débito de sono maior para escolares do ensino privado (p < 0,001) e correlação positiva entre idade e débito do sono (p < 0,001; r = 0,337). Na regressão logística, apontaram-se como fatores para pior grau de sonolência maior faixa etária dos escolares (p = 0,002; RP: 1,21 [IC: 1,07-1,36]) e maior escore na variável hiperidrose do sono do questionário de distúrbios do sono (p = 0,02; RP: 1,16 [IC: 1,02-1,32]). Conclusões: O déficit de sono é uma realidade na população estudada e apresenta-se pior em escolares do ensino privado. A privação de sono está relacionada com a maior faixa etária dos adolescentes e possível presença de distúrbios do sono, como a hiperidrose do sono.

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolic Syndrome and Sleepiness in Truck Drivers / Fatores de Risco para Doença Cardiovascular, Síndrome Metabólica e Sonolência em Motoristas de Caminhão

Abstract Background: Truck driver sleepiness is a primary cause of vehicle accidents. Several causes are associated with sleepiness in truck drivers. Obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are associated with sleep disorders and with primary risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). We analyzed the relationship between these conditions and prevalence of sleepiness in truck drivers. Methods: We analyzed the major risk factors for CVD, anthropometric data and sleep disorders in 2228 male truck drivers from 148 road stops made by the Federal Highway Police from 2006 to 2011. Alcohol consumption, illicit drugs and overtime working hours were also analyzed. Sleepiness was assessed using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results: Mean age was 43.1 ± 10.8 years. From 2006 to 2011, an increase in neck (p = 0.011) and abdominal circumference (p < 0.001), total cholesterol (p < 0.001), triglyceride plasma levels (p = 0.014), and sleepiness was observed (p < 0.001). In addition, a reduction in hypertension (39.6% to 25.9%, p < 0.001), alcohol consumption (32% to 23%, p = 0.033) and overtime hours (52.2% to 42.8%, p < 0.001) was found. Linear regression analysis showed that sleepiness correlated closely with body mass index (β = 0.19, Raj2 = 0.659, p = 0.031), abdominal circumference (β = 0.24, Raj2 = 0.826, p = 0.021), hypertension (β = -0.62, Raj2 = 0.901, p = 0.002), and triglycerides (β = 0.34, Raj2 = 0.936, p = 0.022). Linear multiple regression indicated that hypertension (p = 0.008) and abdominal circumference (p = 0.025) are independent variables for sleepiness. Conclusions: Increased prevalence of sleepiness was associated with major components of the MetS.

Resumo Fundamento: A sonolência de motoristas de caminhão, que pode resultar de diferentes causas, é a principal causa de acidentes com veículos. Obesidade e síndrome metabólica (SMet) estão associadas a distúrbios do sono e fatores de risco primários para doença cardiovascular (DCV). Este estudo verificou a relação entre essas condições e a prevalência de sonolência em motoristas de caminhão. Métodos: Este estudo analisou os principais fatores de risco para DCV, dados antropométricos e distúrbios do sono em 2.228 motoristas de caminhão do sexo masculino a partir de informação coletada de 148 paradas efetuadas em rodovias pela Polícia Rodoviária Federal entre 2006 e 2011. Consumo de álcool e de drogas ilícitas e excesso de horas trabalhadas também foram analisados. Sonolência foi avaliada com a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth. Resultados: A idade média foi de 43,1 ± 10,8 anos. De 2006 a 2011, observou-se aumento de: circunferências cervical (p = 0,011) e abdominal (p < 0,001); colesterol total (p < 0,001); níveis séricos de triglicerídeos (p = 0,014); sonolência (p < 0,001). Além disso, houve redução de hipertensão (de 39,6% para 25,9%, p < 0,001), consumo de álcool (de 32% para 23%, p = 0,033) e excesso de horas trabalhadas (de 52,2% para 42,8%, p < 0,001). A análise de regressão linear mostrou correlação íntima de sonolência com índice de massa corporal (β = 0,19, Raj2 = 0,659, p = 0,031), circunferência abdominal (β = 0,24, Raj2 = 0,826, p = 0,021), hipertensão (β = -0,62, Raj2 = 0,901, p = 0,002) e triglicerídeos (β = 0,34, Raj2 = 0,936, p = 0,022). Regressão linear múltipla indicou que hipertensão (p = 0,008) e circunferência abdominal (p = 0,025) são variáveis independentes para sonolência. Conclusões: Elevada prevalência de sonolência foi associada com os principais componentes da SMet.

Associação entre sintomas de insônia, cochilo diurno e quedas em idosos da comunidade / Association between insomnia symptoms, daytime napping, and falls in community-dwelling elderly / Asociación entre síntomas de insomnio, siesta breve diurna y caídas en ancianos de una comunidad desfavorecida

Essa pesquisa investigou associações entre sintomas de insônia, cochilo diurno, e quedas em idosos da comunidade. Estudo transversal de base populacional e amostra probabilística envolvendo 689 idosos da comunidade. O protocolo continha variáveis de autorrelato e de desempenho físico. Foi utilizada a análise de regressão logística univariada e multivariada, e o nível de significância estatística adotado foi de p < 0,05. A prevalência de sintomas de insônia e cochilo diurno foi de 49,9% (n = 339) e 62,8% (n = 432), respectivamente. Quatorze vírgula quatro porcento relataram uma única queda e 11,9% relataram quedas recorrentes. A ocorrência de quedas associou-se com sexo feminino (OR = 7,73; IC95%: 3,03-19,72), idade > 80 anos (OR = 3,48; IC95%: 1,54-7,85), cochilo diurno (OR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,24-4,05) e sintomas depressivos (OR = 1,98; IC95%: 1,11-3,53). A associação entre cochilo diurno e quedas replicam dados de pesquisa internacional. Identificar fatores de risco modificáveis pode auxiliar programas de prevenção de quedas.

This study focused on associations between insomnia symptoms, daytime napping, and falls in community-dwelling elderly, using a population-based cross-sectional design and probability sample with 689 community-dwelling elders. The protocol consisted of self-reported and physical performance variables. The study used univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Prevalence rates for insomnia symptoms and daytime napping were 49.9% (n = 339) and 62.8% (n = 432), respectively. 14.4% reported a single fall and 11.9% reported multiple falls. Falls were associated with female gender (OR = 7.73; 95%CI: 3.03-19.72), age > 80 (OR = 3.48; 95%CI: 1.54-7.85), napping (OR = 2.24; 95%CI: 1.24-4.05), and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.98; 95%CI: 1.11-3.53). The association between daytime napping and falls corroborates data from international research. Identifying modifiable risk factors may help programs to prevent falls in the elderly.

Esta investigación se centró en las asociaciones entre síntomas de insomnio, siesta breve diurna, y caídas en ancianos de una comunidad desfavorecida. Estudio transversal de base poblacional y muestreo probabilístico involucrando a 689 ancianos de una comunidad desfavorecida. El protocolo contenía variables de autorrelato y de desempeño físico. Se utilizó un análisis de regresión logística univariada y multivariada, y el nivel de significancia estadística adoptado fue de p < 0,05. La prevalencia de síntomas de insomnio y siesta breve diurna fue de 49,9% (n = 339) y 62,8% (n = 432), respectivamente. Catorce coma cuatro por ciento relataron una única caída y 11,9% relataron caídas recurrentes. La ocurrencia de caídas se asoció con el sexo femenino (OR = 7,73; IC95%: 3,03-19,72), edad > 80 años (OR = 3,48; IC95%: 1,54-7,85), siesta breve diurna (OR = 2,24; IC95%: 1,24-4,05) y síntomas depresivos (OR = 1,98; IC95%: 1,11-3,53). La asociación entre siesta breve diurna y caídas replican datos de investigaciones internacionales. Identificar factores de riesgo modificables pueden auxiliar en programas de prevención de caídas.

Apneia obstrutiva do sono: da suspeita diagnóstica ao tratamento / Obstructive sleep apnea: the suspected diagnosis to treatment

Dentre os diversos distúrbios do sono, a apneia obstrutiva é um dos mais prevalentes. Sua dinâmica causa o colapso transitório da faringe, impedindo o fluxo de ar entre o ambiete e os pulmões. Estes eventos costumam levar à redução da oxigenação do organismo e à fragmentação do sono. Com evolução insidiosa, a suspeita diagnóstica parte de queixas de sonolência diurna excessiva, roncos e apneia testemunhada. O atual padrão ouro para o diagnóstico é o exame de polissonografia. O tratamento inclui a higiene do sono e a perda ponderal. Existem três linhas de tratamento usuais: dispositivos intraorais, correções cirúrgicas ou aparelhos de pressão positiva. Por tratar-se de doença crônica, progressiva, deve ter acompanhamento, mesmo com o tratamento instituído

Among various sleep disorders, obstructive apnea is one of the most prevalent. Its dynamic causes the transient collapse of pharynx, avoiding the air flow between the environment and the lungs. These events often lead to low body oxygenation and sleep frangmentation. With insidious onset, it's possible to suspect when complains occurs: excessive daytime sleepiness, snoring and witnessed apnea. The current gold standard for diagnosis is polysomnography. Treatment of obstructive sleep apnea includes sleep hygiene and wight loss. There are three lines of treatment as usual: intraoral devices, surgical corrections or positive pressure devices. By being a chronic, progressive disease, even when treatment is instituted, the patients must have follow up

Sonolência excessiva diurna: aspectos clínicos, diagnósticos e terapêuticos / Excessive daytime sleepiness: clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

A sonolência excessiva diurna (SED) é uma queixa prevalente e com grande impacto na qualidade de vida e na produtividade laborativa, além de trazer potenciais riscos de acidentes individuais e populacionais. Pacientes com doenças neurológicas, psiquiátricas, clínicas, além das próprias doenças do sono, com frequência se queixam de SED, cansaço e fadiga. O reconhecimento e o pronto tratamento desses sintomas e suas causas é importante. A abordagem pode ser farmacológica, não-farmacológica ou ambas. O acompanhamento deve ser criterioso e deve estimular a aderência, para que as melhorias na SED sejam de longo prazo.

Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common and prevalent complaint with a great impact in quality of life and labor productivity, thus increasing potential life-threatening situations for the patient itself and the population. Patients with neurological, psychiatric, clinical disorders besides primary sleep disorders often complain of EDS, tiredness and fatigue. The recognition and prompt treatment of these symptoms and their causes are important. The approach can be pharmacological, non-pharmacological or both. Monitoring must be careful and should encourage adherence for improvements in EDS are long term.

Prevalência da sonolência diurna excessiva e fatores associados em mulheres de 35 a 49 anos de idade do "Projeto de Saúde de Pindamonhangaba" (PROSAPIN) / Prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and associated factors in women aged 35-49 years from the "Pindamonhangaba Health Project" (PROSAPIN)

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência da sonolência diurna excessiva (SDE) e identificar os fatores associados em mulheres de 35 a 49 anos de idade do "Projeto de Saúde de Pindamonhangaba" (PROSAPIN). MÉTODOS: O estudo foi observacional transversal com 372 mulheres com idade entre 35 e 49 anos selecionadas aleatoriamente da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) do município de Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, onde é desenvolvido o "Projeto de Saúde de Pindamonhangaba" (PROSAPIN). A SDE foi avaliada por entrevista utilizando a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e os fatores associados por meio de questões que investigaram as características sócio-demográficas, a história ginecológica, a presença de comorbidades, o estilo de vida, a rotina de sono e o uso de medicamentos capazes de alterar o estado de alerta, além de mensuradas as variáveis antropométricas. Estimou-se a prevalência da SDE com intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%) e foram identificados os fatores associados por meio de um modelo de regressão logística múltipla realizado no Programa Stata, versão 10.0. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da SDE foi de 18,5% (IC 95%: 14,7- 22,9) e os fatores associados foram: profissão relacionada a serviços domésticos (OR = 2,2; IC 95%: 1,1-4,3), nível de atividade física acima da média da população estudada (OR = 1,9; IC 95%: 1,1-3,4); e a presença de características sugestivas de ansiedade (OR = 1,9; IC 95%: 1,1-3,4). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência da SDE em mulheres de 35 a 49 anos do PROSAPIN foi elevada e associada à característica sociodemográfica, à presença de comorbidades e ao estilo de vida.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and to identify associated factors in women aged 35 to 49 years from the "Pindamonhangaba Health Project" (PROSAPIN). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 372 women aged 35 to 49 years, randomly selected from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) program of the city of Pindamonhangaba, SP, Brazil, where the "Pindamonhangaba Health Project" (PROSAPIN) is being developed. EDS was assessed through interviews using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the associated factors through questions that investigated sociodemographic characteristics, gynecological history, presence of comorbidities, lifestyle, sleep routine, and use of drugs capable of altering the state of alertness; anthropometric variables were also measured. The prevalence of EDS was estimated with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) and the associated factors were identified through a multiple logistic regression model performed with the Stata software, release 10.0. RESULTS: EDS prevalence was 18.5% (95% CI: 14.7-22.9) and the associated factors were: profession related to domestic services (OR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.3), physical activity level above the mean of the study population (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.4), and presence of features suggestive of anxiety (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.4). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of EDS in women aged 35-49 years from PROSAPIN was high and associated with sociodemographic characteristics, presence of comorbidities, and lifestyle.

Distrofia miotônica de Steinert e hipersonia primária: relato de caso / Myotonic dystrophy of Steinert and primary hypersomnia: case report

Este artigo apresenta o caso de uma paciente com distrofia miotônica tipo 1 (DM1) (doença de Steinert) e faz a revisão de literatura sobre sonolência excessiva diurna (SED) nestes pacientes. Paciente de 36 anos, portadora de (DM1), apresenta SED e testes múltiplos de latência com média de latências de 1 minuto e 22 segundos. DM1 e SED podem ter várias etiologias, a ressaltar as devidas à disfunção no sistema nervoso central ou à miopatia. No caso da paciente, provavelmente predomina a SED de origem central.

This article presents the case of a myotonic dystrophy type 1 - Steinert's disease (DM1) patient and reviews the literature on excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in these patients. Patient of 36 years of age, with DM1, presents EDS and mean multiple sleep latency test of 1 minute and 22 seconds. DM1 and EDS can have some etiologies, mainly due to central nervous system dysfunction or to the myopathy. In the present case, probably predominate the SED of central origin.

Arquitetura do sono e perfil respiratório polissonográfico de crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística / Sleep architecture and polysomnographic respiratory profile of children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a arquitetura do sono em crianças e adolescentes com fibrose cística (FC) e com suspeita clínica de distúrbios respiratórios do sono (DRS), e identificar o perfil respiratório polissonográfico desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Os pais ou responsáveis dos pacientes com FC preencheram um questionário que abordava questões clínicas e relacionadas ao sono. As crianças e adolescentes que foram identificadas com quadro clínico sugestivo de DRS foram submetidas a polissonografia. Após a realização da polissonografia, os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com o índice de apneia obstrutiva (IA) observado (< 1 ou > 1) e utilizou-se a análise fatorial de correspondência múltipla para análise e identificação dos perfis polissonográficos dos pacientes. RESULTADOS: Dos 74 pacientes que preencheram os critérios de inclusão para este estudo, 67 foram submetidos à polissonografia; observou-se que 38 (56,7 por cento) dos 67 pacientes apresentaram um IA > 1. A mediana das idades foi de 8 anos. O grupo de pacientes com IA > 1 caracterizou-se por apresentar tempo total de sono (TTS) nos estágios 4 e no REM < 21 e 13 por cento, respectivamente, latência do sono REM > 144 minutos, o percentual de TTS com saturação da oxi-hemoglobina medida por oximetria de pulso (SpO2) < 90 por cento maior que 0,28 segundos e o índice de dessaturação de oxigênio maior que 0,92. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem que pacientes pediátricos clinicamente estáveis com FC têm uma alta prevalência de DRS e apresentam frequentes queixas relacionadas ao sono, significativas alterações na sua arquitetura, assim como episódios de dessaturação de oxigênio durante o sono.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate sleep architecture in children and adolescents with both cystic fibrosis (CF) and a clinical suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), and to identify the respiratory polysomnographic profile of these patients. METHODS: Parents or guardians of children with CF filled out a questionnaire designed to assess their clinical and sleep conditions. Children who were identified as having behaviors associated with SDB underwent polysomnography. After polysomnography, patients were grouped according to the obstructive apnea index (AI) obtained (either < 1 or > 1), and a multiple correspondence factor analysis was used to analyze and identify the polysomnographic profile of patients. RESULTS: Of the 74 patients who met inclusion criteria for this study, 67 underwent polysomnography, and 38 (56.7 percent) of the 67 patients showed an AI > 1. Median age was 8 years. The group of patients with an AI > 1 was characterized by total sleep time (TST) during stage 4 and rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep < 21 and 13 percent, respectively, REM sleep latency > 144 minutes, percentage of TST with pulse oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2) < 90 percent higher than 0.28 seconds, and an oxygen desaturation index higher than 0.92. CONCLUSION: Results suggest that clinically stable pediatric patients with CF have a high prevalence of SDB and present frequent sleep complaints, significant changes in sleep architecture, and episodes of oxygen desaturation during sleep.

Consequences of obstructive sleep apnoea.

A plethora of medical consequences have been associated with the syndrome of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). These are global, affecting nearly every body function, and have been related to two key pathophysiological findings in sleep apnoea: repetitive falls in oxyhaemoglobin saturation during sleep, and recurrent arousals from sleep which terminate apnoea episodes. Sufferers of OSA may experience daytime sleepiness, which has been measured both subjectively using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Stanford Sleepiness Scale, but also objectively, using Multiple Sleep Latency Testing, Maintenance of Wakefulness testing, and the Oxford Sleep Resistance test. In addition to the loss of alertness, sleep apnoea contributes to memory deficits, reduced vigilance, impaired executive function, increased risk for automobile and occupational accidents, and decreased quality of life. Importantly, afflicted individuals experience improvements in these outcomes with treatment. Taken together, this evidence forms a compelling basis to identify and treat latent cases of sleep apnoea. Not only do patients have the opportunity to achieve improvements in these outcomes and health-related quality of life, but the enormous economic burden that untreated apnoea imposes on the health care system may be eased.

Dimensions of sleepiness and their correlations with sleep-disordered breathing in mild sleep apnea / Dimensões da sonolência e suas correlações com os transtornos respiratórios do sono na apneia do sono leve

OBJECTIVE: There are many ways of assessing sleepiness, which has many dimensions. In patients presenting a borderline apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, expressed as events/hour of sleep), the mechanisms of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) remain only partially understood. In the initial stages of sleep-disordered breathing, the AHI might be related to as-yet-unexplored EDS dimensions. METHODS: We reviewed the polysomnography results of 331 patients (52 percent males). The mean age was 40 ± 13 years, and the mean AHI was 4 ± 2 (range, 0-9). We assessed ten potential dimensions of sleepiness based on polysomnography results and medical histories. RESULTS: The AHI in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1 sleep (AHI-N1), in NREM stage 2 sleep (AHI-N2), and in REM sleep (AHI-REM) were, respectively, 6 ± 7, 3 ± 3 and 10 ± 4. The AHI-N2 correlated significantly with the greatest number of EDS dimensions (5/10), including the Epworth sleepiness scale score (r = 0.216, p < 0.001). Factor analysis, using Cronbach's alpha, reduced the variables to three relevant factors: QUESTIONNAIRE (α = 0.7); POLYSOMNOGRAPHY (α = 0.68); and COMPLAINTS (α = 0.55). We used these factors as dependent variables in a stepwise multiple regression analysis, adjusting for age, gender, and body mass index. The AHI-N1 correlated significantly with POLYSOMNOGRAPHY (β = -0.173, p = 0.003), and the AHI-N2 correlated significantly with COMPLAINTS (β = -0.152, p = 0.017). The AHI-REM did not correlate with any factor. CONCLUSIONS: Our results underscore the multidimensionality of EDS in mild sleep apnea.

OBJETIVO: Há muitas formas de avaliação da sonolência, a qual possui diversas dimensões. Em pacientes com um índice de apneia-hipopneia (IAH, expresso em eventos/hora de sono) limítrofe, os mecanismos da sonolência excessiva diurna (SED) permanecem apenas parcialmente esclarecidos. Nos estágios iniciais do transtorno respiratório do sono, o IAH pode estar relacionado a outras dimensões da SED ainda não exploradas. MÉTODOS: Revisamos os resultados de polissonografia de 331 pacientes (52 por cento do sexo masculino). A idade média foi de 40 ± 13 anos e o IAH médio de 4 ± 2 (variação, 0-9). Avaliamos dez dimensões potenciais de sonolência com base nos resultados da polissonografia e da história médica. RESULTADOS: O IAH em sono non-rapid eye movement (NREM) estágio 1 (IAH-N1), em sono NREM estágio 2 (IAH-N2), e em sono REM (IAH-REM) foram, respectivamente, 6 ± 7, 3 ± 3 e 10 ± 4. O IAH-N2 se correlacionou significantemente com o maior número de dimensões de SED (5/10), incluindo o escore da escala de sonolência de Epworth (r = 0,216, p < 0,001). Análise de fatores, utilizando-se o alfa de Cronbach, reduziu as variáveis a três fatores relevantes: QUESTIONÁRIO (α = 0,7); POLISSONOGRAFIA (α = 0,68); e QUEIXAS (α = 0,55). Usando esses fatores como variáveis dependentes na regressão múltipla, ajustando para idade, gênero e índice de massa corporal, o IAH-N1 se correlacionou significantemente com POLISSONOGRAFIA (β = -0,173, p = 0,003) e o IAH-N2, com QUEIXAS (β = -0,152, p = 0,017). O IAH-REM não se correlacionou com nenhum fator. CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados confirmam a multidimensionalidade da SED na apneia do sono leve.

Excessive Daytime Sleepiness among Depressed Patients

Background: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) has been reported among depressed patients in many populations. Many depressed patients seek medical attention partly to deal with EDS; but this sleep disorder is often overlooked in clinical practice. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of EDS among depressed patients and determine its relationship with the severity of depression. Methods: Sixty-seven patients diagnosed with depressive episode took part in the study. The severity of depression was rated using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). EDS was evaluated using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). Results: The mean ESS score was 9.2 (SD=2.8). EDS; defined as an ESS score]10; was present in 44.8of the depressed patients. The mean score on the HDRS was 14.8 (SD=3.6); representing the mild-moderate depression range. ESS scores correlated highly and positively (r=0.69; p=0.000) with scores on the HDRS. Conclusion: In the light of the high prevalence of EDS among depressed patients and its undesirable consequences; it is suggested that daytime sleepiness be evaluated in depressed patients

Restless leg syndrome, sleep quality and fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients

We have tested the hypothesis that restless leg syndrome (RLS) is related to quality of sleep, fatigue and clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). The diagnosis of RLS used the four minimum criteria defined by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Fatigue was assessed by the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS >27), quality of sleep by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI >6), excessive daytime sleepiness by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS >10) and clinical disability by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Forty-four patients (32 women) aged 14 to 64 years (43 ± 14) with disease from 0.4 to 23 years (6.7 ± 5.9) were evaluated. Thirty-five were classified as relapsing-remitting, 5 as primary progressive and 4 as secondary progressive. EDSS varied from 0 to 8.0 (3.6 ± 2.0). RLS was detected in 12 cases (27 percent). Patients with RLS presented greater disability (P = 0.01), poorer sleep (P = 0.02) and greater levels of fatigue (P = 0.03). Impaired sleep was present in 23 (52 percent) and excessive daytime sleepiness in 3 cases (6.8 percent). Fatigue was present in 32 subjects (73 percent) and was associated with clinical disability (P = 0.000) and sleep quality (P = 0.002). Age, gender, disease duration, MS pattern, excessive daytime sleepiness and the presence of upper motor neuron signs were not associated with the presence of RLS. Fatigue was best explained by clinical disability and poor sleep quality. Awareness of RLS among health care professionals may contribute to improvement in MS management.

Relationship between the quality of life and the severity of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

The effects of sleep disorders on the quality of life (QOL) have been documented in the literature. Excessive sleepiness and altered circadian rhythms may negatively affect ability to learn, employment, and interpersonal relations, and directly degrade QOL. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome of varying severity on QOL. The study was conducted on 1892 patients aged 18 years or older referred by a physician to the Sleep Institute, São Paulo, with complaints related to apnea (snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, hyperarousal, and fatigue). They were submitted to overnight polysomnography for the diagnosis of sleep disorders from August 2005 through April 2006. The patients completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and QOL SF-36 sleep questionnaires. They were classified as non-physically active and physically active and not-sleepy and sleepy and the results of polysomnography were analyzed on the basis of the apnea hypopnea index (AHI). The apneic subjects showed a reduction in QOL which was proportional to severity. There was a significant decrease in all domains (physical functioning, role physical problems, bodily pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, emotional problems, general mental health) for apneics with AHI >30, who generally were sleepy and did not participate in physical activities (P < 0.05). The present study provides evidence that the impact of sleep disorders on QOL in apneics is not limited to excessive daytime sleepiness and that physical activity can contribute to reducing the symptoms. Thus, exercise should be considered as an adjunct interventional strategy in the management of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Excessive daytime sleepiness of the Brazilian emperor Dom Pedro II probably due to sleep apnea syndrome / Sonolência diurna excessiva de Dom Pedro II do Brasil devida provavelmente à síndrome de apnéia do sono

OBJECTIVE: To show that the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) was the probable cause of D. Pedro II's excessive daytime sleepiness. METHOD: Research of historical documents and bibliographical. RESULTS: The excessive daytime sleepiness of D. Pedro II (1825-1891) was well known and bitterly criticized behavior by oppositionist magazines; it was also recognized by his peers. He would fall asleep in public places such as the theater and while attending lectures. As a youth, he was of normal complexion, putting on weight (obesity) at middle years. CONCLUSION: The possibility of this diagnosis is particularly relevant in this case because it points to an organic cause for D. Pedro II daytime naps and excessive daytime sleepiness. It could be the result of OSAS and not "disinterest" as erroneously assumed at that time.

OBJETIVO: Evidenciar a síndrome de apnéia do sono tipo obstrutivo (SASO) como provável causa da sonolência diurna excessiva de D. Pedro II. MÉTODO: Pesquisa de documentos históricos e bibliográfica. RESULTADOS: A sonolência diurna excessiva de D. Pedro II (1825-1891) era bem conhecida e criticada enfaticamente pelas revistas oposicionistas, era também reconhecida pelos seus pares. Ele adormecia em lugares públicos como no teatro e ao assistir aulas. Como jovem ele tinha compleição normal, ganhando peso (obesidade) na meia idade. CONCLUSÃO: A possibilidade deste diagnóstico é particularmente relevante neste caso porque aponta para uma causa orgânica para os cochilos diurnos e a sonolência diurna excessiva. Pode se dever à SASO e não ao "desinteresse" como erroneamente admitido naquela época.

Prevalência de sintomas de distúrbios respiratórios do sono em escolares brasileiros / The prevalence of symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing in Brazilian schoolchildren

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência de sintomas de distúrbios respiratórios do sono em crianças de baixo nível socioeconômico no Sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo transversal em Uruguaiana (RS), utilizando questionário específico sobre sintomas de distúrbios respiratórios do sono, respondido pelos pais, em uma amostra de escolares de 9 a 14 anos participantes do International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). RESULTADOS: Foram respondidos 998 questionários de um total de 1.011 escolares elegíveis. Relato de ronco habitual ocorreu em 27,6 por cento das crianças, apnéia em 0,8 por cento, respiração oral diurna em 15,5 por cento e sonolência diurna excessiva em 7,8 por cento. Crianças com sonolência diurna excessiva apresentaram maior risco de ronco habitual (OR = 2,7; IC95 por cento 1,4-5,4), apnéia (OR = 9,9; IC95 por cento 1,2-51), respiração oral (OR = 13,1; IC95 por cento 6,2-27,4) e problemas de aprendizado (OR = 9,9; IC95 por cento 1,9-51,0). Rinite, fumo materno e testes cutâneos alérgicos estiveram significativamente associados a ronco habitual e respiração oral diurna. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de sintomas de distúrbios respiratórios do sono é elevada em crianças de 9 a 14 anos na cidade de Uruguaiana. A prevalência de ronco habitual foi quase duas vezes maior que a descrita nessa faixa etária em outras populações. Crianças com sonolência diurna excessiva parecem ter quase 10 vezes mais risco de problemas de aprendizado.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the prevalence of symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing among children of low socioeconomic status in the South of Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in the city of Uruguaiana, RS, in which specific questionnaire about the symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing was completed by the parents of a sample of schoolchildren aged 9 to 14 years, enrolled on the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). RESULTS: From the total of 1,011 eligible schoolchildren, 998 questionnaires were completed. The parents of 27.6 percent of the children reported habitual snoring, while 0.8 percent reported apnea, 15.5 percent described daytime mouth breathing and 7.8 percent complained of excessive daytime sleepiness. Children with excessive daytime sleepiness were at greater risk of habitual snoring (OR = 2.7; 95 percentCI 1.4-5.4), apnea (OR = 9.9; 95 percentCI 1.2-51), mouth breathing (OR = 13.1; 95 percentCI 6.2-27.4) and learning difficulties (OR = 9.9; 95 percentCI 1.9-51.0). Rhinitis, maternal smoking and positive allergy skin test results were significantly associated with habitual snoring and daytime mouth breathing. CONCLUSIONS: There is an elevated prevalence of symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing among children from 9 to 14 in the city of Uruguaiana. The prevalence of habitual snoring was almost twice that described in this age group in other populations. Children with excessive daytime sleepiness appear to have almost 10 times the risk of learning difficulties.

Outcome of sleepiness and fatigue scores in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients with and without restless legs syndrome after nasal CPAP

BACKGROUND & PURPOSE: The association of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) has been reported in the literature for many years. Both conditions may be responsible for fatigue and somnolence complaints secondary to nocturnal sleep disruption. The primary concern of this study is to evaluate the outcome of fatigue and daytime sleepiness symptoms at baseline and after continuous positive air pressure (CPAP) treatment in OSAS patients with and without RLS. METHOD: A prospective and comparative study between a group of 13 patients with OSAS and a group of 17 patients with OSAS+RLS. Laboratory blood tests and polysomnography were performed at baseline. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and the PichotÆs questionnaire of fatigue/depression (PIC) were applied before and after 3 months of CPAP treatment. Results were compared. RESULTS: No significant differences were found on PSG and laboratory results at baseline. Both groups had similar ESS and PIC scores at baseline (p=0.73 and 0.08, respectively). After n-CPAP, OSAS+RLS patients showed higher ESS and PIC scores (p=0.017 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Despite a favorable general response, n-CPAP seemed less effective in treating fatigue and sleepiness in the OSAS+RLS group.

OBJETIVO: A associação síndrome de apnéia obstrutiva do sono / síndrome de pernas inquietas (SAOS-SPI) tem sido mencionada na literatura há muito. Ambas podem ser responsáveis por queixas de fadiga e sonolência secundárias à fragmentação do sono noturno. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a evolução dos sintomas de fadiga e sonolência diurna excessiva antes e após o tratamento com pressão aérea positiva contínua (CPAP) em pacientes portadores de SAOS, com e sem SPI. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo e comparativo entre um grupo de 13 pacientes com SAOS e um grupo de 17 com SAOS +SPI. Exames laboratoriais e polissonografia (PSG) foram realizados no início do estudo. A escala de sonolência de Epworth (ESE) e o questionário de fadiga/depressão de Pichot (PIC) foram aplicados antes do tratamento com CPAP e 3 meses após. Os resultados foram comparados. RESULTADOS: No início do estudo não foram encontradas diferenças significativas na avaliação laboratorial e PSG. Ambos os grupos apresentavam inicialmente pontuação semelhante na avaliação da ESE e PIC (p=0,73 e 0,08, respectivamente). Após CPAP, os pacientes SAOS+SPI apresentaram maiores ESE e PIC (p=0,017 e 0,03, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de resposta inicial favorável em ambos os grupos, o CPAP foi aparentemente menos eficaz na redução das queixas de fadiga e sonolência nos pacientes apnéicos com associação a SPI.